12 THE DISTRIBUTOR’S LINK Bruno Marbacher Bruno Marbacher earned his mechanical engineering degree in Switzerland, he also holds a business degree. He started out as a tool and die maker (poly-mechanic) and over the years he has held various management positions in quality and engineering. During his time in America he has developed and given numerous seminars on topics related to the proper use of mechanical fasteners and machine elements, and assists engineers in solving fastening/assembly issues. His has groomed and directed many young engineers in fastening/assembly technology. He now offers his 40 years of experience through writing and lecturing. DRIVING SYSTEMS FOR FASTENERS – EXTERNAL DRIVES Dear Reader - In this issue we cover external drives, there are fewer options with these types of drive. Whether a bolt or screw works in a certain application usually comes down to preference. Practicality and efficiency play a vital role in choosing the right drive. Again, we list the critical functional features for reference. Critical Drive Features To choose a screw with certain drive there are several things to be consider. The Critical Functional Features are: ¤ Amount torque it can absorb. ¤ Off-angle driver to drive. ¤ Ease off alignment/engagement ¤ Cam-out, tendency to push driver out. ¤ Durability of drive, repeated assembly ¤ Good Stick fit, hold driver in drive. ¤ The effect of the coatings on driver engagement ¤ Tamperproof, preventing unauthorized access. ¤ Its worldwide availability External Drives TECHNICAL ARTICLE External drives typically do not have a recess in the head, which can collect water, dirt, or paint, that could interfere with the insertion of a driver. Some external drives can be engaged and tightened from the side, without requiring much clearance for wrenches, Thus, they can be used in tight spaces. Because the heads must stand out from the surface of the clamped parts, they are rarely available in countersunk or flush designs. Cam-out effect does not apply to external drives. However, If the head is tapered, it may have a slight tendency to cam-out. Square Drive A square drive is four-sided it can be tightened with an open-end wrench or an adjustable wrench, they can also be rotated with 8 or 12-point sockets. Square drives were common in the 19th and early 20th centuries when it was easier and cheaper to manufacture them, than other drives. They are not very common anymore. Features & Concerns: Square drives can still be found on pipe plugs and lag bolts that are used for antique items; some double end studs may be furnished with a square drive to prevent studs from turning while the nut is being tightened. Instead of a square, studs may be provided with a dog point with only to 2 flats, 180° apart. External hexes are now cost-competitive, they have replaced square drives. Also, railway screw spikes are furnished with a square drive, the square is slightly tapered. CONTINUED ON PAGE 96
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